Negative life experiences are well-established risk factors for mental health problems, yet evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains limited. Many studies also overlook area-level factors that may influence these relationships. This study aimed to examine the association between negative life events and depression among individuals in Indonesia, accounting for both individual and area-level characteristics. Multiple and specific negative life events substantially increase the risk of depression among Indonesians. These findings highlight the importance of integrating culturally sensitive mental health interventions within community and healthcare settings.
